Abstract
Objective
The objectives of this project were to rapidly build and deploy a web-based reporting platform in response to a canine influenza H3N2 outbreak in New York City (NYC) and provide aggregate data back to the veterinary community as an interactive dashboard.
Introduction
Data-driven decision-making is a cornerstone of public health emergency response; therefore, a highly-configurable and rapidly deployable data capture system with built-in quality assurance (QA; e.g., completeness, standardization) is critical.1 Additionally, to keep key stakeholders informed of developments during an emergency, data need to be shared in a timely and effective manner. Dynamic data visualization is a particularly useful means of sharing data with healthcare providers and the public.2
During Spring 2018, detection of canine influenza H3N2 among dogs in NYC caused concern in the veterinary community. Canine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by an influenza A virus.3 However, no central database existed in NYC to monitor the outbreak and no single agency was responsible for data capture. Our team at the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) partnered with the NYC Veterinary Medical Association (VMA) to monitor the canine influenza H3N2 outbreak by building a web-based reporting platform and interactive dashboard.
Methods
The NYC DOHMH built and deployed a web-based reporting platform to aid veterinarians in reporting cases of canine influenza. We leveraged REDCap Cloud, a cloud-based graphical user interface data capture and management software. REDCap Cloud collected information regarding the provider, owner, dog, residence of dog, illness history, and influenza testing. We leveraged REDCap QA functionality in the form of mandatory questions to ensure data completeness. Several different field types — including dropdown menus, mutually exclusive radio buttons, and multi-select check boxes — were used to ensure data standardization. Skip logic was incorporated to guide users through unique sequences of questions based on the answers they entered. Reporting was voluntary.
Results
After requirements were gathered, the REDCap web-based reporting platform was rapidly deployed in approximately two business days. Over the course of one week, multiple versions of the dashboard were produced and the final iteration was completed. The entire system was built on server-side software that is available as free or open-source for individual licenses. The dashboard can be found at the following link: http://www.vmanyc.org/canine_influenza_dashboard.html.
A total of 28 cases were reported by 6 providers during June–August 2018. All of the 28 cases were reported from 2 of the 5 NYC counties (boroughs); 17/28 (60.7%) were reported from Brooklyn and 11/28 (39.3%) were reported from Manhattan. We were able to collect mostly complete data by leveraging REDCap QA functionality. The reporting facility was listed in all cases, and an owner was listed in all but two cases. All reported cases used a PCR test for the detection of canine influenza H3N2. One reported case indicated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results as “not detected” which suggests that one negative case was reported through the system.
Conclusions
Using REDCap Cloud and R, we were able to rapidly build and deploy a web-based reporting platform and dynamic data visualization during an emergency response to an outbreak of canine influenza H3N2. Our system was used by veterinarians to report 28 cases of canine influenza. Future emergency responses for human disease outbreaks will likely benefit from the experience our team gained during our partnership with the NYC VMA.
References
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public Health Emergency Response Guide for State, Local, and Tribal Public Health Directors. https://emergency.cdc.gov/planning/pdf/cdcresponseguide.pdf.
2. Meyer M. The Rise of Healthcare Data Visualization. http://journal.ahima.org/2017/12/21/the-rise-of-healthcare-data-visualization/.
3. American Veterinary Medical Association. Canine Influenza FAQ. https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/FAQs/Pages/Control-of-Canine-Influenza-in-Dogs.aspx.
4. Wickham H. R packages. http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/.